How a French drain actually works

A French drain is a gravel-filled trench with a perforated pipe running through it. Water takes the path of least resistance, so instead of pooling against your slab or soaking into a soggy lawn, it seeps into the gravel, enters the pipe and drains away to a lower point. That's the whole idea, no pumps, no power, just gravity and a smarter path for the water.

The basic mechanism

Dig a trench that slopes gently downhill, usually a fall of about 1 in 100, so roughly 10mm of drop for every metre. Line it with geotextile fabric to keep soil out, add a bed of gravel, lay a slotted or perforated agricultural pipe (in Australia this is commonly called 'ag pipe'), cover it with more gravel and fold the fabric over the top. Surface water and groundwater filter down through the gravel, the perforations let it into the pipe, and the slope carries it to a discharge point, a stormwater pit, a soak well or daylight at a lower part of the block.

Grass / lawn surface Native clay / soil Water filters downthrough the gravel Geotextile fabric:keeps soil out of the gravel Gravel / aggregate Perforated 'ag' pipewater enters through the slots
Cross-section of a French drain. Water filters down through the gravel, enters the perforated pipe through its slots, and the pipe's gentle fall (about 1 in 100) carries it away to a discharge point: a stormwater pit, a soak well or daylight at a lower spot.

Why the gravel and fabric matter

The gravel creates void space so water can move freely and the pipe doesn't silt up. The geotextile fabric is the part people skip and regret, without it, fine clay and silt wash into the gravel over a few seasons, clog the voids and the drain slowly stops working. In Australian clay soils, particularly across western Sydney and parts of Melbourne, fabric isn't optional.

Where the water goes

A French drain has to discharge somewhere legal and sensible. Common outlets are the council stormwater connection, a soak well or rubble pit on a free-draining block, or simply 'to daylight' where the land falls away. You can't legally dump stormwater onto a neighbour's property, so on a flat block the discharge point is often the part that needs the most thought.

The bottom lineA French drain is simple in principle, gravel, pipe, slope, fabric, but the details (correct fall, a real discharge point, fabric in clay soils) are what separate a drain that works for 20 years from one that clogs in two.